https://zeanium.net/reaction-lab2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/functional-groups2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/orgolex2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/organic-hub2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/physical2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/worksheets2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/privacy2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/terms2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/games2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/games2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/games2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/games2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/periodic2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/periodic2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/periodic2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/periodic2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/calculators2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/calculators2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/calculators2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/calculators2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/flashcards2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/flashcards2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/flashcards2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/flashcards2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/start-here2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/start-here2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/start-here2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/start-here2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/learn2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/learn2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/learn2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/learn2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/formulas2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/formulas2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/formulas2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/formulas2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/tools2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/tools2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/tools2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/tools2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/course2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/course2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/course2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/course2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/exam2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/exam2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/exam2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/exam2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/universe2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/universe2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/universe2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/universe2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/atomic-models2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/atomic-models2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/atomic-models2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/atomic-models2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/balance2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/balance2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/balance2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/balance2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/converter2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/converter2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/converter2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/converter2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/viewer2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/es/viewer2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/pt/viewer2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/fr/viewer2026-10-21monthly0.6 https://zeanium.net/reactions/hcl-naoh-neutralization2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/h2so4-naoh-neutralization2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/acetic-acid-naoh2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/ammonia-hcl2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/h3po4-naoh2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/methane-combustion2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/ethanol-combustion2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/glucose-combustion2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/hydrogen-combustion2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/sulfur-combustion2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/propane-combustion2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/haber-process2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/nacl-formation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/caco3-formation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/so3-synthesis2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/water-formation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/h2o2-decomposition2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/hgo-decomposition2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/limestone-decomposition2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/kclo3-decomposition2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/water-electrolysis2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/zn-displaces-cu2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/fe-hcl2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/na-water2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/cu-displaces-ag2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/cl2-displaces-br22026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/agcl-precipitation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/baso4-precipitation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/pbi2-precipitation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/feoh3-precipitation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/permanganate-fe2-titration2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/mg-combustion2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/cu-conc-hno32026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/fischer-esterification2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/fischer-esterification--general-scheme.svgA carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol R′–OH and H₂SO₄ to give an ester and water; the concrete case is acetic acid and ethanol giving ethyl acetate.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/fischer-esterification--mechanism-overview.svgFischer esterification mechanism: the carbonyl is protonated by the acid, the alcohol attacks the carbonyl carbon, protons transfer, water leaves, and a final deprotonation gives the ester and regenerates the acid catalyst.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/fischer-esterification--examples.svgWorked example: acetic acid and ethanol with H₂SO₄ give ethyl acetate and water. https://zeanium.net/reactions/saponification2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/saponification--general-scheme.svgAn ester is hydrolyzed with a catalyst, H⁺ or HO⁻, to give a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/saponification--mechanism-overview.svgBasic hydrolysis mechanism: hydroxide attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate, which collapses and expels the alkoxide, giving the carboxylic acid; both steps are drawn as reversible. https://zeanium.net/reactions/alkene-halogenation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/fermentation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/aldol-condensation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/grignard-formaldehyde2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/ozonolysis-alkene2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/ozonolysis-alkenes-oxidative-workup2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/hofmann-elimination2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/carbonic-acid-equilibrium2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/ammonium-equilibrium2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/bicarbonate-buffer2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/iodine-clock2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/dichromate-reduction2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/zn-cu-galvanic-cell2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/bleach-oxidation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/contact-process2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/ostwald-process2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/thermite-reaction2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/nh4no3-decomposition2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/nahco3-decomposition2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/cuoh2-formation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/ca3po42-precipitation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/hydrogenation-alkenes2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/hbr-addition-alkenes2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/chlorohydrin-formation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/sn2-thiol-formation-hydrosulfide2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/sn2-alcohol-formation-hydroxide2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/alkyne-formation-elimination2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/alkyne-formation-elimination--general-scheme.svgA vicinal or geminal dihalide reacts with 2 NaNH2 to give an alkyne, internal or terminal.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/alkyne-formation-elimination--mechanism-overview.svgAlkyne formation mechanism: a strong base removes a hydrogen and a bromide leaves in a first E2 to give a vinyl bromide, then a second E2 forms the carbon-carbon triple bond.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/alkyne-formation-elimination--examples.svgWorked example: a dibromide reacts with NaNH2 in NH3, followed by a water workup, to give an alkyne. https://zeanium.net/reactions/oxymercuration-hydration-alkynes2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/oxidative-cleavage-alkynes-kmno42026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/halogenation-alkynes2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/halogenation-alkynes--general-scheme.svgAn internal alkyne R-C≡C-R reacts with one equivalent of X₂ to give a trans dihaloalkene.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/halogenation-alkynes--examples.svgA worked example: an asymmetric internal alkyne reacts with Br₂ to give a trans dibromoalkene. https://zeanium.net/reactions/deprotonation-terminal-alkyne2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/deprotonation-terminal-alkyne--general-scheme.svgA terminal alkyne (H-C≡C-H) reacts with NaNH₂ to form the acetylide ion.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/deprotonation-terminal-alkyne--mechanism-overview.svgDeprotonation mechanism: the amide ion NH2- attacks the terminal alkyne's C-H, and the C-H bond's electrons move onto carbon, giving the acetylide anion (R-C≡C:-) and NH3.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/deprotonation-terminal-alkyne--examples.svgWorked example of a terminal alkyne deprotonated by NaNH₂ to form its acetylide ion. https://zeanium.net/reactions/epoxide-opening-basic-conditions2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/dihydroxylation-alkenes-oso42026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/dihydroxylation-alkenes-oso4--general-scheme.svgCyclohexene reacts with OsO4 and H2O to form cyclohexane-1,2-diol.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/dihydroxylation-alkenes-oso4--mechanism-overview.svgDihydroxylation mechanism: OsO4 forms a cyclic osmate ester across the double bond, delivering both oxygens to the same face, then workup (NaHSO3 or H2O2) breaks the ester to give the vicinal diol.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/dihydroxylation-alkenes-oso4--examples.svgTwo worked examples of dihydroxylation: OsO4 then NaHSO3/H2O workup, and OsO4 then H2O2 workup, each giving a cis vicinal diol as a pair of enantiomers. https://zeanium.net/reactions/bromohydrin-formation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/acid-catalyzed-hydration-alkenes2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/diels-alder-reaction2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/grignard-reaction2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/grignard-reaction--general-scheme.svgAn aldehyde reacts with RMgX, then a water workup gives a secondary alcohol.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/grignard-reaction--examples.svgWorked examples: aryl and alkyl magnesium bromides add to aldehydes, and a water workup gives secondary alcohols. https://zeanium.net/reactions/addition-of-gilman-to-acyl-halides2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/addition-of-gilman-to-acyl-halides--general-scheme.svgAn acyl chloride reacts with a lithium dialkylcuprate, then a water workup, to give a ketone.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/addition-of-gilman-to-acyl-halides--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism: the R group of the Gilman reagent attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride, giving a tetrahedral alkoxide; the C=O reforms and chloride leaves, giving the ketone.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/addition-of-gilman-to-acyl-halides--examples.svgThree worked examples: an acid chloride reacts with Bu2CuLi, Ph2CuLi or a divinyl cuprate at −78 °C, then water, to give a ketone. https://zeanium.net/reactions/borane-reduction-carboxylic-acids2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/borane-reduction-carboxylic-acids--general-scheme.svgA carboxylic acid is reduced by BH₃, then a methanol or water workup, to give a primary alcohol.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/borane-reduction-carboxylic-acids--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism: two borane molecules bind the oxygens of the carboxylic acid, hydride transfers from boron to the carbonyl carbon through a four-membered ring, and aqueous workup releases the primary alcohol.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/borane-reduction-carboxylic-acids--examples.svgFour worked examples: hexanoic acid and benzoic acid with BH₃·SMe₂, and 2-nitrobenzoic acid and 4-oxopentanoic acid with BH₃·THF, each giving the primary alcohol while the nitro group and the ketone are left unchanged. https://zeanium.net/reactions/dibal-h-reduction-esters2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/dibal-h-reduction-esters--general-scheme.svgAn ester is treated with DIBAL-H at −78 °C, then water and acid, to give an aldehyde (ethyl butanoate gives butanal).https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/dibal-h-reduction-esters--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism: hydride from DIBAL-H attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester, giving an aluminium-bound tetrahedral intermediate; water workup then releases the aldehyde.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/dibal-h-reduction-esters--examples.svgTwo worked examples with DIBAL-H at −78 °C, then water and acid: ethyl benzoate gives benzaldehyde, and a nitrile gives an aldehyde. https://zeanium.net/reactions/aminolysis-esters2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/aminolysis-esters--general-scheme.svgAn ester reacts with ammonia and heat to give a primary amide.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/aminolysis-esters--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism: the nitrogen lone pair of ammonia attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester, giving a tetrahedral intermediate; protons transfer, the carbonyl reforms and the alkoxide leaves, giving the primary amide.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/aminolysis-esters--examples.svgThree worked examples: methyl phenylacetate with NH₃ gives a primary amide, ethyl propanoate with dimethylamine gives an N,N-dimethylamide, and methyl benzoate with pyrrolidine gives a pyrrolidine amide. https://zeanium.net/reactions/lialh4-reduction-esters2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/lialh4-reduction-esters--general-scheme.svgAn ester is treated with LiAlH₄, then an acid workup, to give a primary alcohol.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/lialh4-reduction-esters--examples.svgWorked example: ethyl benzoate reacts with LiAlH₄, then a water workup, to give benzyl alcohol. https://zeanium.net/reactions/acid-catalyzed-hydrolysis-esters2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/acid-catalyzed-hydrolysis-esters--general-scheme.svgAn ester reacts with H₃O⁺ to give a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/acid-catalyzed-hydrolysis-esters--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism: the carbonyl oxygen is protonated, water attacks the carbonyl carbon, protons transfer, the alcohol leaves, and a final deprotonation gives the carboxylic acid and regenerates the acid catalyst. Every step is drawn as reversible. https://zeanium.net/reactions/acid-chloride-formation-socl22026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/acid-chloride-formation-socl2--general-scheme.svgA carboxylic acid reacts with SOCl₂ to give an acid chloride.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/acid-chloride-formation-socl2--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism: the acid oxygen attacks sulfur of SOCl₂, activating the OH as a leaving group; chloride then attacks the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate, which collapses to the acid chloride. https://zeanium.net/reactions/lialh4-reduction-carboxylic-acids2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/lialh4-reduction-carboxylic-acids--general-scheme.svgA carboxylic acid is treated with LiAlH₄, then an acid workup, to give a primary alcohol.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/lialh4-reduction-carboxylic-acids--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism: a hydride first removes the acidic O–H proton, giving hydrogen gas and an aluminium carboxylate; further hydride transfer passes through an aldehyde, which is reduced again to an alkoxide; the final workup protonates it to the primary alcohol. https://zeanium.net/reactions/beta-keto-acid-decarboxylation2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/beta-keto-acid-decarboxylation--general-scheme.svgA β-keto carboxylic acid, R–CO–CH₂–COOH, is heated to give a ketone and carbon dioxide. https://zeanium.net/reactions/deprotonation-carboxylic-acids2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/deprotonation-carboxylic-acids--general-scheme.svgAcetic acid reacts with NaOH to give the acetate ion and water.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/deprotonation-carboxylic-acids--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism: a lone pair on the hydroxide oxygen takes the acidic O–H hydrogen of acetic acid, and the O–H bond electrons move onto oxygen, giving the acetate ion and water. https://zeanium.net/reactions/transesterification2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/transesterification--general-scheme.svgAn ester reacts with an alcohol R–OH under basic or acidic conditions to give a new ester. Basic: a methyl ester with ethoxide in ethanol gives the ethyl ester and methoxide. Acidic: the ester with excess alcohol and an H⁺ catalyst (H₂SO₄ or HCl) gives the new ester and the old alcohol.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/transesterification--mechanism-acidic.svgAcidic mechanism: the carbonyl is protonated, the new alcohol attacks the carbonyl carbon, protons transfer, the old alcohol leaves, and a final deprotonation gives the new ester. Every step is drawn as reversible.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/transesterification--mechanism-basic.svgBasic mechanism: the alkoxide attacks the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate, which collapses by expelling the old alkoxide, giving the new ester. https://zeanium.net/reactions/gabriel-synthesis2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/gabriel-synthesis--general-scheme.svgPhthalimide is treated with KOH, then an alkyl halide R–CH₂–X (X = Cl, Br or I), then hydrazine, to give the primary amine and phthalhydrazide.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/gabriel-synthesis--mechanism-overview.svgOverall mechanism: deprotonated phthalimide attacks the alkyl halide in an SN2 reaction, then hydrazine opens the N-alkyl phthalimide through two nucleophilic acyl substitutions, releasing the primary amine and forming phthalhydrazide.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/gabriel-synthesis--mechanism-acidic.svgAcidic hydrolysis mechanism: each carbonyl is protonated, water attacks, protons transfer, the C–N bond breaks and the ring opens twice, releasing the amine as R–NH₃⁺ and phthalic acid.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/gabriel-synthesis--mechanism-basic.svgBasic hydrolysis mechanism: hydroxide attacks each carbonyl, the tetrahedral intermediate collapses and the C–N bond breaks twice, releasing the amine R–NH₂ and the phthalate dicarboxylate.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/gabriel-synthesis--examples.svgThree worked examples: phthalimide with KOH, then 1-bromo-2-methylbutane, benzyl bromide or 1-bromo-3,3-dimethylbutane, then hydrazine, gives the primary amines 2-methylbutan-1-amine, benzylamine and 3,3-dimethylbutan-1-amine. https://zeanium.net/reactions/azo-coupling2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/azo-coupling--general-scheme.svgAn aryl diazonium cation reacts with a substituted benzene ring (R–C₆H₅) to give an azo compound, two aromatic rings joined by the azo group N=N.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/azo-coupling--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism: the electron-rich phenol ring attacks the terminal nitrogen of the diazonium ion, giving a resonance-stabilized intermediate (four contributors) in which the OH lone pair helps spread the positive charge; chloride then removes the ring hydrogen to give 4-hydroxyazobenzene. https://zeanium.net/reactions/hx-addition-alkynes-once2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/hx-addition-alkynes-once--general-scheme.svgA terminal alkyne R–C≡C–H reacts with one equivalent of H–X (X = Cl, Br or I) to give the alkenyl halide R–C(X)=CH₂.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/hx-addition-alkynes-once--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism: the alkyne π electrons take the hydrogen of HCl, forming a vinyl carbocation on the more substituted carbon; chloride then attacks that carbon to give the alkenyl chloride.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/hx-addition-alkynes-once--examples.svgWorked example: a terminal alkyne R–C≡C–H reacts with one equivalent of HBr to give the alkenyl bromide R–C(Br)=CH₂. https://zeanium.net/reactions/na-nh3-reduction-alkynes2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/na-nh3-reduction-alkynes--general-scheme.svg2-Butyne reacts with Na in NH₃ to give trans-2-butene, with the two new hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/na-nh3-reduction-alkynes--examples.svgWorked example: 4-octyne reacts with Na in NH₃ to give trans-4-octene. https://zeanium.net/reactions/lindlar-reduction-alkynes2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/lindlar-reduction-alkynes--general-scheme.svg2-Butyne reacts with H₂ and Lindlar's catalyst to give cis-2-butene.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/lindlar-reduction-alkynes--examples.svgTwo worked examples with H₂ and Lindlar's catalyst: a terminal alkyne gives the terminal alkene, and an internal alkyne gives the cis alkene. https://zeanium.net/reactions/grignard-formation-alkyl-halides2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/grignard-formation-alkyl-halides--general-scheme.svgAn alkyl halide R–X reacts with Mg in ether or THF to give the Grignard reagent R–Mg–X (X = Cl, Br or I).https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/grignard-formation-alkyl-halides--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism: magnesium transfers an electron to R–X, giving a radical anion; the C–X bond breaks to give an alkyl radical and halide; the radical combines with Mg⁺ and the halide to give R–Mg–X.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/grignard-formation-alkyl-halides--examples.svgTwo worked examples with Mg: chlorocyclohexane gives cyclohexylmagnesium chloride, and vinyl bromide gives vinylmagnesium bromide. https://zeanium.net/reactions/grignard-carboxylation-co22026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/grignard-carboxylation-co2--general-scheme.svgA Grignard reagent R–MgBr reacts with CO₂, then H₃O⁺, to give the carboxylic acid R–COOH.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/grignard-carboxylation-co2--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism: the carbanion-like carbon of the Grignard reagent attacks the carbon of CO₂, forming a carboxylate; H₃O⁺ then protonates the carboxylate to give the carboxylic acid.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/grignard-carboxylation-co2--examples.svgWorked example: phenylmagnesium bromide reacts with CO₂, then H₃O⁺, to give benzoic acid. https://zeanium.net/reactions/gilman-reagent-formation2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/gilman-reagent-formation--general-scheme.svgAn alkyl halide reacts with 2 equivalents of Li to give an organolithium R–Li, which reacts with 0.5 equivalents of CuX to give the Gilman reagent R₂CuLi.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/gilman-reagent-formation--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism for the methyl case: two lithium atoms convert CH₃–Br into CH₃–Li and LiBr; CH₃–Li reacts with CuI to give CH₃–Cu and LiI; a second CH₃–Li adds to CH₃–Cu to give the dimethylcuprate anion with Li⁺.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/gilman-reagent-formation--examples.svgThree worked examples: isobutyl chloride with Li then CuCl, a vinyl iodide with Li then CuCl, and bromobenzene with Li then CuBr, each giving the Gilman reagent R₂CuLi. https://zeanium.net/reactions/organolithium-double-addition-carboxylic-acids2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/organolithium-double-addition-carboxylic-acids--general-scheme.svgA carboxylic acid reacts with 2 equivalents of R–Li, then H₃O⁺, to give a ketone carrying the new R group.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/organolithium-double-addition-carboxylic-acids--mechanism-overview.svgMechanism: the first R–Li removes the acidic O–H proton to give a lithium carboxylate; the second R–Li adds to the carboxylate carbon, giving a dianion; H₃O⁺ protonates it to a gem-diol, which loses water to give the ketone.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/organolithium-double-addition-carboxylic-acids--examples.svgFour worked examples with 2 equivalents of an organolithium (CH₃Li, CH₃CH₂Li, n-BuLi, t-BuLi), then HCl and water, each turning a carboxylic acid into a ketone. https://zeanium.net/reactions/hydroboration-oxidation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/michael-addition2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/sn1-reaction2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/sn2-reaction2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/suzuki-miyaura-coupling2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/swern-oxidation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/wittig-reaction2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/friedel-crafts-acylation2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/e2-elimination2026-10-21monthly0.8 https://zeanium.net/reactions/claisen-condensation2026-10-21monthly0.8https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/claisen-condensation--general-scheme.svgTwo ester molecules, with methoxide and then an acid workup, give a β-keto ester.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/claisen-condensation--mechanism-overview.svgClaisen condensation mechanism in three steps: the alkoxide makes the ester enolate, the enolate attacks the carbonyl of a second ester, and the carbonyl reforms while the alkoxide leaves, giving the β-keto ester.https://zeanium.net/reactiondex/art/claisen-condensation--examples.svgFive worked examples of the Claisen condensation with methoxide or ethoxide and an acid workup, including methyl acetate giving methyl acetoacetate and ethyl acetate giving ethyl acetoacetate. https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/alkane2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/alkane/structure.svgAlkane functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/alkene2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/alkene/structure.svgAlkene functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/alkene/example.svgAlkene functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/alkyne2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/alkyne/structure.svgAlkyne functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/alkyne/example.svgAlkyne functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/arene2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/arene/structure.svgArene functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/arene/example.svgArene functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/haloalkane2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/haloalkane/structure.svgHaloalkane functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/haloalkane/example.svgHaloalkane functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/alcohol2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/alcohol/structure.svgAlcohol functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/alcohol/example.svgAlcohol functional group: example moleculehttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/alcohol/types.svgAlcohol functional group: primary, secondary and tertiary types https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/phenol2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/phenol/structure.svgPhenol functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/phenol/example.svgPhenol functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ether2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ether/structure.svgEther functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ether/example.svgEther functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/epoxide2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/epoxide/structure.svgEpoxide functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/epoxide/example.svgEpoxide functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/thiol2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/thiol/structure.svgThiol functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/thiol/example.svgThiol functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/thioether-sulfide2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/thioether-sulfide/structure.svgThioether / Sulfide functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/thioether-sulfide/example.svgThioether / Sulfide functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/disulfide2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/disulfide/structure.svgDisulfide functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/disulfide/example.svgDisulfide functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/amine-primary2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/amine/structure.svgAmine, 1° functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/amine/example.svgAmine, 1° functional group: example moleculehttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/amine/types.svgAmine, 1° functional group: primary, secondary and tertiary types https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/nitro2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/nitro/structure.svgNitro functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/nitro/example.svgNitro functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/aldehyde2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/aldehyde/structure.svgAldehyde functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/aldehyde/example.svgAldehyde functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ketone2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ketone/structure.svgKetone functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ketone/example.svgKetone functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/carboxylic-acid2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/carboxylic-acid/structure.svgCarboxylic acid functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/carboxylic-acid/example.svgCarboxylic acid functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ester2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ester/structure.svgEster functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ester/example.svgEster functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/amide-primary2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/amide/structure.svgAmide, 1° functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/amide/example.svgAmide, 1° functional group: example moleculehttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/amide/types.svgAmide, 1° functional group: primary, secondary and tertiary types https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/nitrile2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/nitrile/structure.svgNitrile functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/nitrile/example.svgNitrile functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/vinyl-halide2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/vinyl-halide/structure.svgVinyl halide functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/vinyl-halide/example.svgVinyl halide functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/aryl-halide2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/aryl-halide/structure.svgAryl halide functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/aryl-halide/example.svgAryl halide functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/sulfoxide2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/sulfoxide/structure.svgSulfoxide functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/sulfone2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/sulfone/structure.svgSulfone functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/sulfonic-acid2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/sulfonic-acid/structure.svgSulfonic acid functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/sulfonate-ester2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/sulfonate-ester/structure.svgSulfonate ester functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/imine2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/imine/structure.svgImine functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/enamine2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/enamine/structure.svgEnamine functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/azo-compound2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/azo-compound/structure.svgAzo compound functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/acyl-halide2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/acyl-halide/structure.svgAcyl halide functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/acyl-halide/example.svgAcyl halide functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/acid-anhydride2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/acid-anhydride/structure.svgAcid anhydride functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/acid-anhydride/example.svgAcid anhydride functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/acetal2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/acetal/structure.svgAcetal functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/acetal/example.svgAcetal functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/hemiacetal2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/hemiacetal/structure.svgHemiacetal functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ketal2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/hemiketal2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/hemiketal/structure.svgHemiketal functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/enol2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/enol/structure.svgEnol functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/enol/example.svgEnol functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/enolate2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/enolate/structure.svgEnolate functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/enone2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/enone/structure.svgEnone functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/enal2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/enal/structure.svgEnal functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/organolithium2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/organolithium/structure.svgOrganolithium functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/grignard-reagent2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/grignard-reagent/structure.svgGrignard reagent functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/grignard-reagent/example.svgGrignard reagent functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/organocuprate2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/organocuprate/structure.svgOrganocuprate functional group: general structure drawinghttps://zeanium.net/functional-groups/organocuprate/example.svgOrganocuprate functional group: example molecule https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/thioacetal2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/thioacetal/structure.svgThioacetal functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/aldimine2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/aldimine/structure.svgAldimine functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ketimine2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ketimine/structure.svgKetimine functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/oxime2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/oxime/structure.svgOxime functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/hydrazone2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/hydrazone/structure.svgHydrazone functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/semicarbazone2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/semicarbazone/structure.svgSemicarbazone functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/isothiocyanate2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/isothiocyanate/structure.svgIsothiocyanate functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/thioester2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/thioester/structure.svgThioester functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/lactone2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/lactone/structure.svgLactone functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/lactam2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/lactam/structure.svgLactam functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/sulfonyl-chloride2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/sulfonyl-chloride/structure.svgSulfonyl chloride functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/sulfonamide2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/sulfonamide/structure.svgSulfonamide functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/nitroso2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/nitroso/structure.svgNitroso functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/isocyanate2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/isocyanate/structure.svgIsocyanate functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/carbamate2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/carbamate/structure.svgCarbamate functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/urea2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/urea/structure.svgUrea functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/phosphate-ester2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/phosphate-ester/structure.svgPhosphate ester functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/phosphonate-ester2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/phosphonate-ester/structure.svgPhosphonate ester functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/phosphine2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/phosphine/structure.svgPhosphine functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ylide2026-10-21monthly0.7https://zeanium.net/functional-groups/ylide/structure.svgYlide functional group: general structure drawing https://zeanium.net/reagents/nabh42026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/lialh4-lah2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/dibal-h2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/h2-pd-c2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/h2-pt2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/h2-lindlar2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/na-nh3-l2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/zn-hg-hcl2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/nh2nh2-koh-heat2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/pcc2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/dess-martin-dmp2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/swern-dmso-cocl-2-et3n2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/h2cro4-jones2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/na2cr2o7-h2so42026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/kmno4-hot2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/oso42026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/o3-then-me2s-or-zn2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/o3-then-h2o22026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/mcpba2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/hbr2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/hcl2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/hi2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/hbr-roor2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/h2o-h2so42026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/hg-oac-2-h2o-nabh42026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/bh3-thf-h2o2-naoh2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/br22026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/cl22026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/br2-h2o2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/excess-h2-pd2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/hgso4-h2so4-h2o2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/1-r2bh-2-h2o2-oh-minus2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/nanh22026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/nanh2-then-r-x2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/socl22026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/pbr32026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/tscl-pyridine2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/mscl-et3n2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/h2so4-heat2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/nah2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/naoh2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/naoet-etoh2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/naome-meoh2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/kotbu2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/nacn2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/nan32026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/nai-acetone2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/h2o2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/roh2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/h3o-plus2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/roh-h-plus2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/naoh-h2o2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/rmgx-then-h3o-plus2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/rmgx2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/rli2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/r2culi2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/rmgx-co2-h3o-plus2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/rmgx-epoxide2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/nanh2-terminal-alkyne2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/rmgx-h3o-plus2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/hcn-kcn2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/rnh2-h-plus2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/r2nh-h-plus2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/nh2oh2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/nh2nh22026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/hoch2ch2oh-h-plus2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/ph3p-chr2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/h3o-plus-heat2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/oh-minus-heat2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/rnh22026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/h2-pd-baso42026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/lda-thf-78-c2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/naoh-oh-minus2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/br2-h-plus2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/br2-oh-minus2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/lda-then-r-x2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/br2-febr32026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/cl2-fecl32026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/hno3-h2so42026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/so3-h2so42026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/r-cl-alcl32026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/rcocl-alcl32026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/nbs-h2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/fe-hcl2026-10-21monthly0.7 https://zeanium.net/reagents/sn-hcl2026-10-21monthly0.7 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corner, the structure to count carbons in.https://zeanium.net/course/organic/topic-1/double-and-triple-bonds.svgTwo bond-line structures: one with a double bond marked 'Double bond' and one with a triple bond marked 'Triple bond'.https://zeanium.net/course/organic/topic-1/triple-bond-gap.svgThe same alkyne drawn twice, once with the triple bond straight in the chain and once with a small gap on either side, joined by the words 'Is the same as'.https://zeanium.net/course/organic/topic-1/straight-then-zigzag.svgTwo full structures, a butane chain and a butyne chain with all their hydrogens, each followed by 'is drawn like this:' and the bond-line version. 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